Energy consumption patterns and efficiency strategies in the built environment: A comprehensive review

Authors

  • Mahadev Bera School of Environment and Disaster Management, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Narendrapur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 700103, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-610X
  • Pranab Kumar Nag School of Environment and Disaster Management, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Narendrapur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 700103, India
Article ID: 400
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DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18686/cest400

Keywords:

climate change; built environment; energy consumption; energy efficiency; bioclimatic design; passive design; sustainable building

Abstract

The built environment significantly influences global energy consumption, representing nearly 40% of total usage and over 30% of carbon dioxide emissions. The rapid pace of urbanization has transformed cities, fostering economic growth but also elevating energy consumption, particularly in the building sector, which accounts for approximately 32% of urban energy use. This review explores how enhancing energy efficiency in buildings can bolster sustainable development, emphasizing the role of the built environment in shaping microclimates and influencing energy demand. It presents recent global trends in energy consumption, noting a 2.2% increase in 2023, primarily driven by emerging economies, while developed nations have experienced a decrease in energy use due to sustainability initiatives. The review categorizes strategies for improving energy efficiency into architectural, technological, and renewable energy approaches. It highlights the effectiveness of passive and bioclimatic design methods, which capitalize on local climate conditions, reduce reliance on mechanical systems, and improve occupant comfort. Furthermore, sustainable building practices and cutting-edge smart technologies, such as IoT and Building Automation Systems, are acknowledged for their potential to enhance energy performance. The study also examines regional variations in energy intensity and underscores key technologies, materials, and systems that can be integrated into buildings to minimize environmental impacts. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this review underscores the importance of harmonizing land use, building design, and energy technologies to meet global energy goals. It concludes with recommendations for future research focused on data-driven modeling, climate-resilient urban planning, and policy frameworks that encourage the broad adoption of energy-efficient building practices.

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Published

2025-10-28

How to Cite

Bera, M., & Nag , P. K. (2025). Energy consumption patterns and efficiency strategies in the built environment: A comprehensive review. Clean Energy Science and Technology, 3(4), 400. https://doi.org/10.18686/cest400

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Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025)

Section

Review

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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