Dawn of clean energy: Enhanced heat transfer, radiative cooling, and firecracker-style controlled nuclear fusion power generation system

Authors

  • Weimin Yang College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Enxiang Zhang College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Jiuzhou Zhao College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Yifan Zhao College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Kangkang Tang College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Yan Cui College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Xianyu Luo College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Zhen Zhang College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Chengjun Li College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Fenghua Zhang College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Xiaodong Gao China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. Ltd., Beijing 100840, China
Ariticle ID: 61
6369 Views, 223 PDF Downloads

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18686/cest.v1i1.61

Keywords:

principle of firecrackers; controlled nuclear fusion; flywheel energy storage; enhanced heat transfer; radiative cooling

Abstract

Global climate change has become a major environmental threat and development challenge facing humanity. Controllable nuclear fusion is a globally recognized ideal solution for clean energy, but its required high-energy triggering conditions and intense energy release prevent existing technologies from achieving safe, stable, and long-term continuous operation. Here, inspired by the traditional Chinese firecrackers, we propose a pulsed fusion reaction flywheel energy storage multi-reactor relay operation to drive the steam turbine to continuously and stably generate electricity for a long period of time; meanwhile, to install cleaning rotors in the cooling medium pipeline to enhance heat exchange, and to apply radiative cooling technology on the surface of the cooling tower to improve cooling efficiency and to reduce energy consumption, thereby improving system safety and overall energy efficiency. Proposing the combination of original technologies at both the hot end and the cold end of the system, we strive to open up a new way for controllable nuclear fusion power generation.

References

Guo L, Ou Z, Liu Y, et al. Technological innovations on direct carbon mitigation by ordered energy conversion and full resource utilization. Carbon Neutrality 2022; 1: 4. doi: 10.1007/s43979-022-00009-5

Wang N. Fusion Energy and Its Future (Chinese). Tsinghua University Press; 2001.

Lindl J. Development of the indirect-drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain. Physics of Plasmas 1995; 2: 3933–4024. doi: 10.1063/1.871025

Fisch NJ. Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion. In: Libby SB, van Bibber KA (editors). Modern Physics and the Scientific Legacy of Edward Teller, Proceedings of the Edward Teller Centennial Symposium; 28 May 2008; California, USA. World Scientific; 2010.

Wesson J, Campbell DJ. Tokamaks. Oxford University Press; 2011.

Barabaschi P, Kamada Y, Shirai H, JT-60SA Integrated Project Team. Progress of the JT-60SA project. Nuclear Fusion 2019; 59(11): 112005. doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab03f6

Zhuang G, Li GQ, Li J, et al. Progress of the CFETR design. Nuclear Fusion 2019; 59(11): 112010. doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab0e27

Li J, Wan Y. Present state of Chinese magnetic fusion development and future plans. Journal of Fusion Energy 2019; 38: 113–124. doi: 10.1007/s10894-018-0165-2

Ye H. A brief analysis of EAST tokamak and related fusion research in China (Chinese). Science and Innovation 2021; 12: 92–93. doi: 10.15913/j.cnki.kjycx.2021.12.037

Pfalzner S. An Introduction to Inertial Confinement Fusion. CRC Press; 2006.

Zhao Y, Xiao G, Li F. Current status and development of inertial confinement fusion physics research based on modern gas pedals (Chinese). Physics 2016; 45(2): 98–107. doi: 10.7693/wl20160204

Basov NG, Ivanov YS, Krokhin ON. Neutron generation in spherical irradiation of a target by high-power laser radiation. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 1972; 15(10): 417–419.

Pavlovskiĭ AI. Reminiscences of different years. Soviet Physics Uspekhi 1991; 34(5): 429. doi: 10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002378

Gao S, Wu X, He Z, et al. Research progress of fabrication techniques for laser inertial confinement fusion target. High Power and Particle Beams 2020; 32: 032001. doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202032.200039

Huang H, Ma L. Current status of fusion energy development (Chinese). China Science and Technology Information 2023(4): 120–122, 125.

Yang W, Zhang E. Pulsed Microfluidic Fusion Impulse Flywheel Control Continuous Power Generation Technology (Chinese). CN Patent 116,110,617, 12 May 2023.

Yang W, Zhang E. Microfluidic Deuterium-Tritium Collision Nuclear Fusion Flywheel Control Continuous Power Generation Technology (Chinese). CN Patent 116,434,980, 14 July 2023.

Stacey WM. Fusion Plasma Physics, 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH; 2013.

Lyublinski IE, Vertkov AV. Experience and technical issues of liquid lithium application as plasma facing material in tokamaks. Fusion Engineering and Design 2010; 85(6): 924–929. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.08.036

Humrickhouse PW, Merrill BJ, Yoon SJ, Cadwallader LC. The impacts of liquid metal plasma-facing components on fusion reactor safety and tritium management. Fusion Science and Technology 2019; 75(8): 973–1001. doi: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1658464

Bergles AE. Advanced enhancement-third generation heat transfer technology or “the final frontier”. Transaction of the Institute of Chemistry Engineering 2001; 79 (Part A): 437–444.

Webb RL, Eckert ERG. Application of rough surfaces to heat exchanger design. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1972; 15(9): 1647–1658. doi: 10.1016/0017-9310(72)90095-6

Zimparov V. Extended performance evaluation criteria for enhanced heat transfer surfaces: Heat transfer through ducts with constant heat flux. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2001; 44(1): 169–180. doi: 10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00074-0

Wang S, Li ZX, Guo ZY. Novel concept and device of heat transfer augmentation. In: Proceedings of 11th International Conference of Heat transfer; 1 November 1998; Kyongju, Korea. Taylor Fancis; 1998. pp. 405–408.

Guo ZY, Li DY, Wang BX. A novel concept for convective heat transfer enhancement. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1998; 41(14): 2221–2225. doi: 10.1016/S0017-9310(97)00272-X

Guo Z. Physical mechanism of convective heat transfer and its control: Synergy between velocity and heat flow fields (Chinese). Science Bulletin 2000; 45(19): 2118–2122. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.19.020

Guo Z, Wang S. Novel concept and approaches of heat transfer enhancement. In: Proceedings of Symposium on Energy Engineering in the 21st Century (SEE2000) Volume I–IV. Begell House; 2002. pp. 118–126. doi: 10.1615/SEE2000.90

Tao W, He Y, Huang P. Numerical validation of field synergy theory in an alternating flow slit-type heat rector (Chinese). Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 2003; 24(4): 649–651.

He Y, Lei Y, Tian L, et al. Exploration of the three-field synergy of high-efficiency low-resistance enhanced heat transfer technology (Chinese). Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 2009; 30(11): 1904–1906.

Xia X, Zhao L, Xu H, Yang S. Comprehensive performance evaluation factors for enhanced heat transfer based on field synergy theory (Chinese). Thermodynamic Engineering 2011; 26(2): 197–201.

Zhang Z. Research on Heat Transfer Enhancement Mechanism and Performance of Assembled Rotors (Chinese) [PhD thesis]. Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 2014.

Li Y, Ding Y, Yang W. Numerical analysis of the working principle of cleaning rotors and its industrial application (Chinese). Petrochemical Equipment 2009; 38(6):73–76.

Yang W, Li F, Chen S, Yan H. Industrial experimental study of combined pipe-end rotor enhanced heat transfer device (Chinese). Thermodynamic Engineering 2008; 23(4): 378–381.

Li FX, Ding YM, Guan CF, et al. Laboratory investigation and commercial test for rotors-assembled strand applied in smooth tube. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2008; 33(1): 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2008.04.005

Cui Y, Luo X, Zhang F, et al. Progress of passive daytime radiative cooling technologies towards commercial applications. Particuology 2022; 67: 57–67. doi: 10.1016/J.PARTIC.2021.10.004

Li T, Zhai Y, He S, et al. A radiative cooling structural material. Science 2019; 364(6442): 760–763. doi: 10.1126/science.aau9101

Yin X, Yang R, Tan G, Fan S. Terrestrial radiative cooling: Using the cold universe as a renewable and sustainable energy source. Science 2020; 370(6518): 786–791. doi: 10.1126/science.abb0971

Wang H, Xue C, Guo X, et al. Superhydrophobic porous film for daytime radiative cooling. Applied Materials Today 2021; 24: 101100. doi:10.1016/J.APMT.2021.101100

Zhong H, Li Y, Zhang P, et al. Hierarchically hollow microfibers as a scalable and effective thermal insulating cooler for buildings. ACS Nano 2021; 15(6): 10076–10083. doi: 10.1021/ACSNANO.1C01814

Liang J, Wu J, Guo J, et al. Radiative cooling for passive thermal management towards sustainable carbon neutrality. National Science Review 2023: 10(1): nwac208. doi: 10.1093/NSR/NWAC208

Poredoš P, Wang R. Sustainable cooling with water generation. Science 2023; 380(6644): 458–459. doi: 10.1126/science.add1795

Cai C, Chen W, Wei Z, et al. Bioinspired “aerogel grating” with metasurfaces for durable daytime radiative cooling for year-round energy savings. Nano Energy 2023; 114: 108625. doi: 10.1016/J.NANOEN.2023.108625

Li J, Fu Y, Zhou J, et al. Ultrathin, soft, radiative cooling interfaces for advanced thermal management in skin electronics. Science Advances 2023; 9(14): eadg1837. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1837

Fixen DJ. The temperature of the cosmic microwave background. The Astrophysical Journal 2009; 707(2): 916–920. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916

Hossain MM, Gu M. Radiative cooling: Principles, progress, and potentials. Advanced Science 2016; 3(7): 1500360. doi: 10.1002/advs.201500360

Zhao D, Aili A; Zhai Y, et al. Radiative sky cooling: Fundamental principles, materials, and applications. Applied Physics Reviews 2019; 6(2): 021306. doi: 10.1063/1.5087281

Farooq AS, Zhang P, Gao Y, Gulfam R. Emerging radiative materials and prospective applications of radiative sky cooling—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021; 144: 110910. doi: 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.110910

Raman AP, Anoma MA, Zhu L, et al. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight. Nature 2014; 515(7528): 540–544. doi: 10.1038/nature13883

Zhai Y, Ma Y, David SN, et al. Scalable-manufactured randomized glass-polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling. Science 2017; 355(6329): 1062–1066. doi: 10.1126/science.aai7899

Tian Y, Liu X, Wang Z, et al. Subambient daytime cooling enabled by hierarchically architected all-inorganic metapaper with enhanced thermal dissipation. Nano Energy 2022; 96: 107085. doi: 10.1016/J.NANOEN.2022.107085

Chen Y, Dang B, Fu J, et al. Cellulose-based hybrid structural material for radiative cooling. Nano Letters 2021; 21(1): 397–404. doi: 10.1021/ACS.NANOLETT.0C03738

Son S, Jeon S, Chae D, et al. Colored emitters with silica-embedded perovskite nanocrystals for efficient daytime radiative cooling. Nano Energy 2020; 79: 105461. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105461

Li X, Peoples J, Yao P, Ruan X. Ultrawhite BaSO4 paints and films for remarkable daytime subambient radiative cooling. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021; 13(18): 21733–21739. doi: 10.1021/ACSAMI.1C02368

Gao H, Zhang F, Tang K, et al. Green cleaning of 3D-printed polymeric products by micro-/nano-bubbles. Nanomaterials 2023; 13(11): 1804. doi: 10.3390/NANO13111804

Zhou L, Li Z. Exploring the standard system of micro bubble technology. Water Purification Technology 2021; 40: 75–87.

Zhang L, Chen H, Li Z. Long lifetime of nanobubbles due to high inner density. Science in China Series G: Physics Mechanics & Astronomy 2008; 51(2): 219–224. doi: 10.1007/s11433-008-0026-5

Yu Z, Li J, Zhang X. A new hypothesis for cavitation nucleation in gas saturated solutions: Clustering of gas molecules lowers significantly the surface tension. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022; 50: 347–351. doi: 10.1016/J.CJCHE.2022.06.009

Li P, Wang J, Liao Z. Microbubbles for effective cleaning of metal surfaces without chemical agents. Langmuir 2022; 38(2): 769–776. doi: 10.1021/ACS.LANGMUIR.1C02769

Zhang R, Gao Y, Chen L, et al. Nanobubble boundary layer thickness quantified by solvent relaxation NMR. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2022; 609: 637–644. doi: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2021.11.072

Typical nuclear fusion reaction diagram

Downloads

Published

2023-09-28

How to Cite

Yang, W., Zhang, E., Zhao, J., Zhao, Y., Tang, K., Cui, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Zhang, F., & Gao, X. (2023). Dawn of clean energy: Enhanced heat transfer, radiative cooling, and firecracker-style controlled nuclear fusion power generation system. Clean Energy Science and Technology, 1(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.18686/cest.v1i1.61

Issue

Section

Perspective