Safe and environmentally friendly daily use of clean-energy electromagnetic devices

Authors

  • Adel Razek Group of Electrical Engineering—Paris (GeePs), CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay and Sorbonne University, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
Ariticle ID: 200
59 Views, 27 PDF Downloads

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18686/cest.v2i3.200

Keywords:

clean electromagnetic energy; One Health; Responsible Attitude; living tissues; electromagnetic fields; biological effects on biodiversity

Abstract

The daily well-being of modern humanity is closely linked to the use of different devices operating through different sources of energy conversion. Electromagnetic energy obtained from the conversion of clean energy is one of the most used in devices in this context. The use of these devices reflects the expected results, often accompanied by unwanted side effects. These undesirable side effects correspond to the interaction of artificial electromagnetic radiation with living tissues of biodiversity (One Health concept). The corresponding living tissues are related to humans, animals (domestic and wild), birds, plants, etc., and more generally to biodiversity, including the ecosystem. Therefore, these harmful effects could be reduced by intelligent and sustainable construction and protection (Responsible Attitude concept) of these devices. This article aimed to illustrate the implication of the concepts of One Health and Responsible Attitude in the management of the daily use of wireless communication tools with electromagnetic energy, as well as power transfer devices. The two concepts were first discussed. The biological effects on living tissues due to exposure to electromagnetic field radiation were analyzed in the case of humans, animals and plants. The different characteristics of the radiated field and exposed tissues influencing these effects, as well as the governing laws and mathematical modeling of the effects, were examined. Additionally, the means for protecting living tissues from electromagnetic radiation were inspected. The analyses pursued in this article were supported by examples taken from the literature.

References

World Health Organization. One Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/europe/initiatives/one-health (accessed on 14 March 2024).

Petroulakis N, Mattsson MO, Chatziadam P, et al. NextGEM: Next-Generation Integrated Sensing and Analytical System for Monitoring and Assessing Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(12): 6085. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20126085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126085

Cirimele V, Freschi F, Giaccone L, et al. Human Exposure Assessment in Dynamic Inductive Power Transfer for Automotive Applications. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2017; 53(6): 1-4. doi: 10.1109/tmag.2017.2658955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2017.2658955

Tran NT, Jokic L, Keller J, et al. Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)—Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses. Plants. 2023; 12(5): 1082. doi: 10.3390/plants12051082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051082

Sivani S, Sudarsanam D. Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem – a review. Biology and Medicine. 2012; 4(4): 202-216.

Vishnuram P, Ramachandiran G, Sudhakar Babu T, et al. Induction heating in domestic cooking and industrial melting applications: A systematic review on modelling, converter topologies and control schemes. Energies. 2021; 14(20): 6634. doi: 10.3390/en142066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206634

Sekkak A, Pichon L, Razek A. 3-D FEM magneto-thermal analysis in microwave ovens. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1994; 30(5): 3347-3350. doi: 10.1109/20.312655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/20.312655

Zastrow E, Hagness SC, Van Veen BD, et al. Time-Multiplexed Beamforming for Noninvasive Microwave Hyperthermia Treatment. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2011; 58(6): 1574-1584. doi: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2103943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2010.2103943

Razek A. Biological and Medical Disturbances Due to Exposure to Fields Emitted by Electromagnetic Energy Devices—A Review. Energies. 2022; 15(12): 4455. doi: 10.3390/en15124455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124455

Lagorio S, Blettner M, Baaken D, et al. The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: A protocol for a systematic review of human observational studies. Environment International. 2021; 157: 106828. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106828

Razek A. Analysis and control of ornamental plant responses to exposure to electromagnetic fields. Ornamental Plant Research. 2024; 4(1): 0-0. doi: 10.48130/opr-0024-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48130/opr-0024-0007

Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time-Varying Electric And Magnetic Fields (1 Hz TO 100 kHz). Health Physics. 2010; 99(6): 818-836. doi: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181f06c86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e3181f06c86

Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Physics. 2020; 118(5): 483-524. doi: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001210

C95.1-2019 - IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz. IEEE; 2019. doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8859679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8859679

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Scientific Evidence for Cell Phone Safety. Available online: www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/scientific-evidence-cell-phone-safety (accessed on 4 January 2024).

Council of the European Union. EU Recommendation 1999/519/EC on the Limitation of Exposure of the General Public to Electromagnetic Fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz). Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/1999/519/oj (accessed on 4 January 2024).

Pennes HH. Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperatures in the Resting Human Forearm. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998; 85(1): 5-34. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.5

Zang Z, Guo Z, Fan X, et al. Assessing the performance of the pilot national parks in China. Ecological Indicators. 2022; 145: 109699. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109699

Díaz S, Settele J, Brondízio ES, et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science. 2019; 366(6471). doi: 10.1126/science.aax3100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100

Coad A, Nightingale P, Stilgoe J, et al. Editorial: the dark side of innovation. Industry and Innovation. 2020; 28(1): 102-112. doi: 10.1080/13662716.2020.1818555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2020.1818555

Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Ušák E, et al. Rubber magnets based on NBR and lithium ferrite with the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2020; 31(7): 1624-1633. doi: 10.1002/pat.4891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4891

Qin M, Zhang L, Wu H. Dielectric Loss Mechanism in Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials. Advanced Science. 2022; 9(10). doi: 10.1002/advs.202105553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105553

Lestari M, Sulhadi S, Sutikno S. The Effect of Ornamental Plants on Reducing the Intensity of Electromagnetic Wave Radiation. Physics Communication. 2023; 7(1): 35-42. doi: 10.15294/physcomm.v7i1.41534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/physcomm.v7i1.41534

Ilmiawati A, Falestin M, Maddu A, et al. Films from PVA and Sansevieria trifasciata Leaves Extracts as a Smartphone Protector with Radiation Reducing Property and Its LC-MS Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry. 2023; 23(3): 594. doi: 10.22146/ijc.76809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.76809

Kim JH, Lee JK, Kim HG, et al. Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 2019; 27(3): 265-275. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2018.152

Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. Opinion on Potential Health Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), European Commission: Luxembourg. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_041.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2024).

Wust P, Kortüm B, Strauss U, et al. Non-thermal effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69561-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69561-3

Zradziński P, Karpowicz J, Gryz K. Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in a Head Approaching a Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Reader Operating at 13.56 MHz in Users of Hearing Implants Versus Non-Users. Sensors. 2019; 19(17): 3724. doi: 10.3390/s19173724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173724

Jalilian H, Eeftens M, Ziaei M, et al. Public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in everyday microenvironments: An updated systematic review for Europe. Environmental Research. 2019; 176: 108517. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.048

Leach V, Weller S, Redmayne M. A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing radiation. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2018; 33(3): 273-280. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2018-0017

U.S. Food & Drug. Review of Published Literature between 2008 and 2018 of Relevance to Radiofrequency Radiation and Cancer. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/media/135043/download (accessed on 18 February 2024).

WHO. World Cancer Report, 2020, Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention, IARC/OMS: Lyon, France. Available online: https://www.aws.iarc.who.int/featured-news/new-world-cancer-report/ (accessed on 11 January 2024).

Point S. Advocacy for A Cognitive Approach to Electro hypersensitivity Syndrome. Skeptical Inquirer. 2020; 44: 47-50.

Rubin GJ, Nieto‐Hernandez R, Wessely S. Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (formerly ‘electromagnetic hypersensitivity’): An updated systematic review of provocation studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009; 31(1): 1-11. doi: 10.1002/bem.20536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20536

Huang PC, Chiang J chin, Cheng YY, et al. Physiological changes and symptoms associated with short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields: a randomized crossover provocation study. Environmental Health. 2022; 21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12940-022-00843-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00843-1

Genuis SJ, Lipp CT. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: Fact or fiction? Science of The Total Environment. 2012; 414: 103-112. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.008

Barth A, Ponocny I, Gnambs T, et al. No effects of short‐term exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic fields on human cognitive performance: A meta‐analysis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011; 33(2): 159-165. doi: 10.1002/bem.20697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20697

Curcio G. Exposure to Mobile Phone-Emitted Electromagnetic Fields and Human Attention: No Evidence of a Causal Relationship. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018; 6. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00042

Valentini E, Ferrara M, Presaghi F, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychomotor effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2010; 67(10): 708-716. doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.047027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2009.047027

Sunstein CR. Beyond the Precautionary Principle. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published online 2002. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.307098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.307098

Nunes AS, Dular P, Chadebec O, et al. Subproblems Applied to a 3-D Magnetostatic Facet FEM Formulation. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2018; 54(8): 1-9. doi: 10.1109/tmag.2018.2828786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2018.2828786

Li G, Ojeda J, Hoang E, et al. Thermal–Electromagnetic Analysis for Driving Cycles of Embedded Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Motors. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2012; 61(1): 140-151. doi: 10.1109/tvt.2011.2177283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2011.2177283

Piriou F, Razek A. Numerical simulation of a nonconventional alternator connected to a rectifier. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1990; 5(3): 512-518. doi: 10.1109/60.105275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/60.105275

Bernard L. Electrical Caracterization of Biological Tissues and Computing of Phenomena Induced in the Human Body by Electromagnetic Fields Below 1 GHz [PhD thesis]. Universities of Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France and Universidade federal de Minas Gerais; 2007

Freschi F, Giaccone L, Cirimele V, et al. Numerical assessment of low-frequency dosimetry from sampled magnetic fields. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2017; 63(1): 015029. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa9915

Piriou F, Razek A. Calculation of saturated inductances for numerical simulation of synchronous machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1983; 19(6): 2628-2631. doi: 10.1109/tmag.1983.1062831 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.1983.1062831

Downloads

Published

2024-08-29

How to Cite

Razek, A. (2024). Safe and environmentally friendly daily use of clean-energy electromagnetic devices. Clean Energy Science and Technology, 2(3), 200. https://doi.org/10.18686/cest.v2i3.200

Issue

Section

Opinion