Development and nutritional evaluation of baked Balut crackers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18686/fnc346Abstract
Snack consumption has steadily increased over time, with young adults aged 19–29 years particularly prone to consuming snacks lacking essential nutrients, which can negatively affect their health. Balut, a fertilized duck egg and a well-known Filipino delicacy, is recognized for its nutritional qualities. In this study, Balut was incorporated into the formulation of baked crackers. The research examined food safety through yeast and mold counts and Salmonella detection; analyzed the protein and fat content; evaluated the pH level; and assessed sensory attributes. The results indicated that the baked Balut crackers were free from Salmonella, yeast, and mold, confirming their safety. Both protein and fat content of the crackers demonstrated potential health benefits and influenced the product’s texture. Among the sensory attributes, only the appearance of the Balut crackers showed a significant difference compared to the control crackers—which is favorable to the panelists.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. Hess J, Jonnalagadda S, Slavin J. What is a snack, why do we snack, and how can we choose better snacks? the definitions of snacking, motivations to snack, contributions to dietary intake, and recommendations for improvement. The FASEB Journal. 2016; 30(S1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.895.5
2. Prasetyo TJ, Khoiriani IN, Surijati KA. Food Consumption and Nutrient Density of Adults Male Aged 19-49 Years Old in Indonesia. Journal of Global Nutrition. 2021; 1(1): 22-31. doi: 10.53823/jgn.v1i1.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53823/jgn.v1i1.12
3. Balentic J, Babic J, Jozinovic A, et al. Production of third-generation snacks. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2018; 10(1): 98–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17508/CJFST.2018.10.1.04
4. Huber BC, Steffen J, Schlichtiger J, et al. Altered nutrition behavior during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in young adults. European Journal of Nutrition. 2020; 60(5): 2593-2602. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02435-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02435-6
5. Piernas C, Popkin BM. Snacking Increased among U.S. Adults between 1977 and 2006. The Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 140(2): 325-332. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.112763 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112763
6. Vatanparast H, Islam N, Masoodi H, et al. Time, location and frequency of snack consumption in different age groups of Canadians. Nutrition Journal. 2020; 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00600-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00600-5
7. Kim Y, Kwak JH, Paik JK. Association of Night Eating Habits with Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in University Students. Healthcare. 2022; 10(4): 640. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10040640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040640
8. Magat M. Balut: “Fertilized Duck Eggs and Their Role in Filipino Culture.” Western Folklore. 2002; 61(1): 63. doi: 10.2307/1500289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1500289
9. Bondoc OL, Ramos AR, Santiago RC. Fat Content, Fatty Acid Composition, and Nutritional Indices/Ratios of Balut from Itik-Pinas Mallard Ducks in the Philippines. Tropical Animal Science Journal. 2023; 46(4): 478-486. doi: 10.5398/tasj.2023.46.4.478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2023.46.4.478
10. Bondoc OL, Ebron AO, Ramos AR, et al. Egg Components in Balut Produced from Three Itik-Pinas (IP) Mallard Breeds in the Philippines. International Journal of Poultry Science. 2022; 21(1): 10-17. doi: 10.3923/ijps.2022.10.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2022.10.17
11. Alejandria MCP, De Vergara TIM, Colmenar KPM. The authentic Balut: history, culture, and economy of a Philippine food icon. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2019; 6(1). doi: 10.1186/s42779-019-0020-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0020-8
12. Ismoyowati, & Sumarmono J. Duck Production for Food Security. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 372(1): 012070. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/372/1/012070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/372/1/012070
13. Department of Science and Technology—Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI). Philippine Food Composition Table. DOST-FNRI; 2019.
14. Nankumbi J, Grant F, Sibeko L, et al. Effects of Food-Based Approaches on Vitamin A Status of Women and Children: A Systematic Review. Advances in Nutrition. 2023; 14(6): 1436-1452. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.009
15. The Nutrition Source. (2025, January 24). Vitamins and minerals. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/vitamins/
16. The Nutrition Source. (2025, January 24). Calcium. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/calcium/
17. The Nutrition Source. (2025, January 24). Salt and sodium. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/salt-and-sodium/
18. The Nutrition Source. (2025, January 24). Phosphorus. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/phosphorus/
19. Li S, Bai S, Qin X, et al. Comparison of whole embryonic development in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and goose (Anser cygnoides) with the chicken (Gallus gallus). Poultry Science. 2019; 98(8): 3278-3291. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez133
20. Nakov, G., & Ivanova, N. (2020). The effect of different methods for production of crackers on their physical and sensory characteristics. Technologica Acta-Scientific/professional journal of chemistry and technology, 13(1), 41-45.
21. Mudau M, Ramashia SE, Mashau ME, et al. Physicochemical characteristics of bread partially substituted with finger millet (Eleusine corocana) flour. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology. 2021; 24. doi: 10.1590/1981-6723.12320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.12320
22. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official methods of analysis, 19th ed. AOAC International; 2012.
23. Djouadi A, Sales JR, Carvalho MO, et al. Development of Healthy Protein-Rich Crackers Using Tenebrio molitor Flour. Foods. 2022; 11(5): 702. doi: 10.3390/foods11050702 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050702
24. Ali MA, Hashish MH, Fekry MM. Microbiological quality of some packed and unpacked bread products in Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 2023; 98(1). doi: 10.1186/s42506-023-00141-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-023-00141-9
25. Vannuccini A. Conventional Isolation Methods: Detection of Salmonella spp. According to ISO 6579-1:2017. Food Safety and Quality Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta; n.d.
26. Makinde FM, Awoyera KD, Oguntunji AO. Effect of Substitution of Chicken Egg with Duck Egg on Biscuit Quality. Sustainable Food Production. 2019; 5: 38-47. doi: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/sfp.5.38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/SFP.5.38
27. Nogueira AdC, Steel CJ. Protein enrichment of biscuits: a review. Food Reviews International. 2018; 34(8): 796-809. doi: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1441299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1441299
28. Bell KJ, Smart CE, Steil GM, et al. Impact of Fat, Protein, and Glycemic Index on Postprandial Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Intensive Diabetes Management in the Continuous Glucose Monitoring Era. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38(6): 1008-1015. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0100
29. Narmada M, Lakshmi VV, Hymavathi TV, et al. Sensory and nutritional properties of protein enriched biscuits. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2020; 1–8. doi: 10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1030201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1030201
30. National Nutrition Council. Are there good nutrients in Balut? National Nutrition Council; 2022.
31. Soliman GA. Dietary Cholesterol and the Lack of Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients. 2018; 10(6): 780. doi: 10.3390/nu10060780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060780
32. Huang JF, Lin CC. Production, composition, and quality of duck eggs. Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products. Published online 2011: 487-508. doi: 10.1533/9780857093912.4.487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093912.4.487
33. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidelines on the microbiological requirements and assessment of certain prepackaged processed food products repealing FDA Circular No. 2013-010 entitled “Revised Guidelines for the Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Processed Foods”. Republic of the Philippines Department of Health; 2012.
34. Hao X, Liang M, Xin R, et al. Changes of Potent Odorants in Salted Duck Egg Yolk before and after Roasting. Molecules. 2024; 29(17): 3984. doi: 10.3390/molecules29173984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29173984
35. Li X, Yuan G, Chen X, et al. Fishy Odor and TMA Content Levels in Duck Egg Yolks. Journal of Food Science. 2017; 83(1): 39-45. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13977




.jpg)
.jpg)
