空间站及火星环境中二氧化碳资源用于氧气制备研究进展
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18686/cncest384关键词:
载人航天；CO2-O2转化；热催化；电催化；等离子体催化摘要
建立稳定的二氧化碳（CO2）与氧气（O2）循环体系，对于空间站及未来火星基地等地外环境中的环境控制与生命支持系统（Environmental Control and Life Support Systems，ECLSS）至关重要。开发具有高氧气回收率、高CO2转化性能及低能耗的CO2-O2转化技术，是实现物质闭环再生的关键。本文系统梳理了地外环境下CO2制氧技术发展现状，将新兴技术路径归纳为“两步法制氧”与“一步法制氧”两大框架：两步法涵盖热催化CO2加氢还原与电解水制氧，主要应用于空间站环境；一步法包括电催化CO2还原与等离子体催化CO2转化，更适用于火星环境。通过对比技术原理与运行特征，凝练出制约技术发展的三大核心挑战：（1）催化材料失活、积碳形成及催化机制不完善；（2）转化过程描述不清导致调控困难，副反应抑制难度大；（3）单一技术物质循环度偏低。发展高效、稳定、可靠的CO2-O2转化技术，将为降低发射成本、保障人类地外可持续生存提供重要支撑。
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